Explanation:
The financial crisis of 2008-2009 was one of the most significant events in recent financial history. It had far-reaching consequences for the global economy, and its causes have been the subject of much debate and analysis. Two prominent reviews of the financial crisis were conducted by Gary Gorton and Andrew Lo. Both Gorton and Lo identified several key factors that contributed to the crisis.
One of the main factors identified by Gorton was the role of the housing market. He argued that the growth of the subprime mortgage market, which enabled people with poor credit histories to obtain mortgages, created a housing bubble that eventually burst. This led to a sharp decline in housing prices, which in turn caused the value of mortgage-backed securities to plummet. As a result, many financial institutions that had invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities suffered significant losses, which triggered a broader financial crisis.
Lo identified a similar factor, but placed more emphasis on the role of financial innovation. He argued that the growth of complex financial instruments, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), created a false sense of security among investors. These instruments were marketed as low-risk investments, but the underlying assets were often highly correlated and therefore vulnerable to systemic risk. When the housing bubble burst, the value of these instruments plummeted, exposing the underlying risks and triggering a broader financial crisis.
Another factor identified by both Gorton and Lo was the role of leverage. Financial institutions were able to take on large amounts of debt, which enabled them to generate higher returns on their investments. However, this also made them more vulnerable to losses, as even a small decline in the value of their investments could wipe out their entire capital base. When the housing market declined, many financial institutions were unable to meet their obligations, which led to a wave of bankruptcies and forced mergers.
Gorton and Lo also identified the role of regulatory failure in contributing to the crisis. They argued that regulators were too focused on individual institutions and did not pay enough attention to the broader systemic risks that were building up in the financial system. This allowed financial institutions to take on excessive risks, which ultimately led to the crisis.
In conclusion, the financial crisis of 2008-2009 was a complex event with multiple contributing factors. Gorton and Lo's reviews highlight the role of the housing market, financial innovation, leverage, and regulatory failure in creating the conditions for the crisis to occur. While the precise causes of the crisis are still debated, these reviews provide valuable insights into the factors that contributed to this significant event in financial history.
Your company has developed a new formulation for a health food
product. You are tasked with developing a promotional strategy for
both the North American and Europe market.
List the various regulatory, cultural and other markets
considerations you will have to take into account when formulating
your promotional strategy.
How would you create a promotional strategy using an online
brochure model?
When developing a promotional strategy for a health food product in both the North American and European markets, several regulatory, cultural, and other market considerations need to be taken into account. These considerations include:
Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with regulations and labeling requirements specific to health food products in each market, such as FDA regulations in the United States and European Union regulations.
Cultural Sensitivity: Understand cultural differences and preferences in messaging, imagery, and language used in promotional materials. Tailor the content to resonate with the target audience in each market.
Market Research: Conduct market research to identify consumer preferences, dietary habits, and trends in the North American and European markets. This helps in developing targeted messaging and positioning strategies.
Competitive Landscape: Analyze the competitive landscape in each market, including key competitors, pricing strategies, and distribution channels. Differentiate the health food product based on its unique features and benefits.
Channel Selection: Identify the most effective marketing channels for reaching the target audience in each market. This may include a combination of online platforms, social media, influencers, health and wellness blogs, and traditional advertising channels.
In creating a promotional strategy using an online brochure model, the following steps can be considered:
Define Objectives: Clearly outline the objectives of the online brochure, such as generating product awareness, educating consumers about the health benefits, and driving online sales.
Target Audience: Identify the target audience for the health food product and tailor the content of the online brochure to address their specific needs, interests, and preferences.
Compelling Content: Develop engaging and informative content that highlights the unique features, ingredients, and health benefits of the product. Include visuals, testimonials, and scientific evidence to support the claims.
User Experience: Design the online brochure with a user-friendly interface, easy navigation, and mobile responsiveness. Ensure that the content is easily readable and accessible across different devices.
Call-to-Action: Include clear call-to-action buttons or links in the online brochure to direct users to the product website, online store, or other desired actions such as signing up for a newsletter or requesting a sample.
Promotion and Distribution: Implement a comprehensive online marketing strategy to promote the online brochure, including social media campaigns, search engine optimization, email marketing, and targeted online advertising.
Performance Measurement: Monitor and analyze the performance of the online brochure using web analytics tools. Track metrics such as website traffic, engagement, conversion rates, and sales to evaluate the effectiveness of the promotional strategy and make necessary adjustments.
Remember to adapt the promotional strategy to the specific characteristics and preferences of the North American and European markets, taking into account cultural nuances and regulatory requirements in each region.
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Walker argues that a focus on human flourishing alone should not be the primary resource for determining how we ought to treat animals. True False
True.
Walker argues that a focus solely on human flourishing cannot be the primary resource for determining how we ought to treat animals. He believes that animals have inherent value and that we have ethical obligations to consider their interests and well-being as well. Therefore, we should not base our treatment of animals solely on how it benefits humans, but rather on a more comprehensive ethical framework that takes into account the interests of all sentient beings.
An automotive manufacturer wants to reduce the weight of gearboxes to increase fuel efficiency. The research department used a different than regular material to produce 20 gearboxes as a sample. They found that the mean weight of these 20 gearboxes was 9.8 kg with a standard deviation of 0.025 kg. The department then took a sample of 15 regularly produced gearboxes and found that their mean weight was 9.83 kg with a standard deviation of 0.023 kg. a) Conduct an appropriate hypothesis test using the critical value method. Use the regularly produced gearboxes as population 1. (Assume unequal population variances.) [9 marks] b) Explain what a Type II Error will mean in this context. [1 mark]
a) Hypothesis Testing using the critical value method: Let us conduct an appropriate hypothesis test using the critical value method. Use the regularly produced gearboxes as population 1. (Assume unequal population variances.)
Hypotheses:H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 (There is no significant difference between the mean weight of regularly produced gearboxes and the mean weight of gearboxes produced using a different material.)H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 (There is a significant difference between the mean weight of regularly produced gearboxes and the mean weight of gearboxes produced using a different material.).
Level of Significance: α = 0.05Critical Values of the Test Statistic: The level of significance for a two-tailed test is α/2 = 0.025, and the degrees of freedom are calculated using the formula: df = (s12/n1 + s22/n2)2 / { [(s12/n1)2 / (n1 - 1)] + [(s22/n2)2 / (n2 - 1)] }= (0.0232/15 + 0.0252/20)2 / { [(0.0232/15)2 / (15 - 1)] + [(0.0252/20)2 / (20 - 1)] }= 31.123 (approx).
The critical value of the test statistic is calculated using the t-distribution table with 31 degrees of freedom (df) and a significance level of α/2 = 0.025. The critical values of t are ±2.039.Conclusion:Since the calculated value of the test statistic (-2.461) is less than the critical value of t (-2.039), we reject the null hypothesis.
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1) Explain the series of New Product Development (NPD) SEVEN (7)
stages that SugarBun took before launching the "Al Tok Sai Sauce"
in October 2022. ( 10 marks )
SugarBun went through a systematic and strategic seven-stage New Product Development (NPD) process to develop and launch the "Al Tok Sai Sauce." These stages included idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, business analysis, product development, market testing, and finally, commercialization.
Here are the seven stages of the New Product Development (NPD) process that SugarBun took before launching the "Al Tok Sai Sauce" in October 2022:
1) Idea Generation: SugarBun came up with the idea for the "Al Tok Sai Sauce," possibly through brainstorming sessions, market research, or consumer feedback.
2) Idea Screening: SugarBun evaluated the various ideas generated and selected the "Al Tok Sai Sauce" concept for further development based on its alignment with company goals and market potential.
3) Concept Development and Testing: SugarBun created a detailed concept for the "Al Tok Sai Sauce" and tested it with a target audience to gather feedback and make necessary refinements.
4) Business Analysis: SugarBun conducted a thorough analysis of the potential demand, profitability, and feasibility of the "Al Tok Sai Sauce" to determine if it was a viable product for launch.
5) Product Development: SugarBun began developing the "Al Tok Sai Sauce," which involved formulating the recipe, sourcing ingredients, and ensuring quality and consistency.
6) Market Testing: SugarBun conducted a limited release of the "Al Tok Sai Sauce" in specific markets or with a select group of consumers to assess its acceptance, pricing, packaging, and overall performance.
7) Commercialization: Finally, SugarBun launched the "Al Tok Sai Sauce" in October 2022 by making it available to the wider market, supported by marketing campaigns, distribution strategies, and sales efforts.
By following these seven stages, SugarBun went through a systematic and strategic process to develop and launch the "Al Tok Sai Sauce" successfully.
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SCENARIO 1: JAM WITH THE COUNTERPART
An executive five-member team was formed to manage a small but
global company. Because they were allowed to choose where they
wanted to live, the team spread acrosFinland, Denmark, Sweden, and England. Although each member was multilingual, they spoke in English during their weekly teleconference. Every month the team met at one of the company’ s divisional headquarters and spent the next day with the managers from that division. Members were encouraged to be part of every discussion, although their individual roles were very clear, so that interaction on a day - to - day basis was unnecessary. Even though the team never went through a formal team - building process, its emphasis on an agreed team mission, shared business values, and high- performance goals for all members made it a true model of a well - jammed multicultural team.
SCENARIO 2: THE NPD GAME
When the team members first went to work on a product development project in a small high - tech company in the United States, it appeared that they would forever be at odds over every aspect of managing a project. A few projects and many fights later, however, a German, an American, a Mexican, and a Macedonian looked as cohesive as any other team. As they marched through their projects, they acquired an in - depth knowledge of each other’s cultures and project management scripts. Not only did they know each other’s religious holidays and eating habits, but they also reached a point of accepting American concern for cost tracking, German obsession with precise schedule management, Macedonian dedication to team spirit, and Mexican zeal for interpersonal relationships. The road to their masterly jamming was not paved by deliberate actions. Rather, it evolved from patient learning, many dead ends in their interactions, and the need to be successful in their work. JAMMING The situations described here can be called "jamming," — a strategy that suggests the project manager and the counterpart improvise, without an explicit mutual agreement, and transform their ideas into an agreeable scenario for their work. In this sense, they are like members of a jazz band following the loose rules of a jam session. "Jazzers" jam when they begin with a conventional theme, improvise on it, and pass it around until a new sound is created. This strategy implies what is apparent in the executive team — all team members are highly competent. Such competency enabled them to fathom the counterparts’ assumptions and habits, predict their responses, and take courses of actions that appealed to them. Another condition was met for jamming to work with the executive team, in particular, understanding the individuality of each counterpart. A counterpart ’s fluency in several scripts clearly meant that he or she might propose any of the scripts’ practices. Knowing the individuality then meant anticipating the practices. That the counterpart was analysed as a person with distinct traits, and not only as a representative of a culture, was the key to successful jamming. However, there are intrinsic risks in the use of the jamming strategy. As it occurred in the initial phase of the high - tech team, some counterparts did not read the jamming as recognition of cultural points, but rather as an attempt to seek favour by flattery and fawning. Although the team never faced it, it is also possible that jamming may lead to an "overpersonalization" of the relationship between the project manager and the counterpart, characterized by high emotional involvement, loss of touch with and ignorance of other team members, and reluctance to delegate. Jamming’ s basic design may not be in tune with all cultures and may not even be appropriate for the execution by teams composed of members with varying levels of competency in other people’s project management scripts. While in its early stage of development the high - tech team members’ varying levels of competency were a significant roadblock, their further learning and growth got them over the obstacle. Still, the number and intensity of cultural run - ins that the team experienced before maturing supported the view that this strategy tends to be shorter on specific instructions for implementation and higher in uncertainty than any other unilateral strategy.
However, its plasticity may be such a great asset to multicultural project managers that many of them view it as ideal in the development of a culturally responsive project management strategy.
Question 3 (25 Marks)
Discuss how you as a project manager can use both the Jamming strategy and the Tuckman's model described above to help the project team reach the performing stage as quickly as possible.
As a project manager, you can use the Jamming strategy and Tuckman's model to help the project team reach the performing stage quickly. Jamming allows for improvisation and flexibility in understanding and accommodating cultural differences.
While Tuckman's model provides a framework for team development stages. By combining these approaches, the project manager can foster collaboration, build trust, and enhance team performance.
To help the project team reach the performing stage quickly, the project manager can leverage the Jamming strategy and Tuckman's model. The Jamming strategy emphasizes understanding individuality, recognizing cultural points, and improvising to create an agreeable scenario for work. The project manager can encourage open communication, active listening, and respect for diverse perspectives. By promoting a culture of collaboration and recognizing and valuing each team member's contributions, the project manager can establish a positive and inclusive working environment.
Additionally, Tuckman's model provides a roadmap for team development stages, including forming, storming, norming, and performing. The project manager can guide the team through these stages by facilitating effective communication, resolving conflicts, and promoting team cohesion. During the forming stage, the project manager can encourage team members to share their cultural backgrounds and establish common goals and expectations. In the storming stage, the project manager can address any conflicts or misunderstandings that arise and promote open dialogue to find common ground. In the norming stage, the project manager can help the team establish norms, processes, and roles that accommodate cultural differences. Finally, in the performing stage, the project manager can foster a high level of collaboration, trust, and synergy among team members, enabling them to work together effectively and achieve project goals.
By combining the Jamming strategy's adaptability and the structured approach of Tuckman's model, the project manager can create an environment that supports cultural responsiveness, collaboration, and accelerated progress towards the performing stage.
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Q3. Briefly describe the summary task and normal tasks
(sub-activities) and talk about the differences between them.
Summary tasks are the higher-level tasks in Microsoft Project that contain subtasks and summarize the work involved in those subtasks.
What can it be represented as?The entire project can be represented as a summary task, or there can be multiple summary tasks, each with its own set of subtasks.
The summary task's duration is typically the total duration of all of its subtasks. The summary task is often referred to as the "parent" task, while the subtasks are referred to as "child" tasks.
Normal Tasks:
Normal tasks are tasks that are not summary tasks. They are the primary building blocks of the project, with a set duration and work required to complete them.
Normal tasks can be stand-alone tasks or subtasks of a summary task.
The start and end dates of a normal task are determined by the start date of the project, the task's duration, and any constraints placed on the task.
Differences between summary tasks and normal tasks:
1. Summary tasks are higher-level tasks that contain subtasks, while normal tasks are individual tasks that make up the project.
2. The duration of a summary task is typically the total duration of its subtasks, while the duration of a normal task is determined by the task's duration and constraints.
3. Summary tasks are often referred to as "parent" tasks, while normal tasks are referred to as "child" tasks.
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Consider the market for some product X that is represented in the accompanying demand-and-supply diagram. a. Calculate the total economic surplus in this market at = the free-market equilibrium price and quantity. The total economic surplus is $1920 ⊤
per day. (Round your response to the nearest cent as needed.) b. Calculate the total economic surplus in this market when a price ceiling at $28 is in effect. The total economic surplus is $ per day. (Round your response to the nearest cent as needed.) c. After imposition of the price ceiling at $28, how many units of this good are no longer being produced and consumed per day compared to the free-market equilibrium? 40 ⊤
unit(s) of this good are no longer being produced and consumed per day compared to the free-market equilibrium. consumed per day compared to the free-market equilibrium. (Round your response to the nearest whole number as needed.) d. Calculate the deadweight loss that results from the imposition of the price ceiling at $28. The deadweight loss that results from the imposition of the price ceiling at $28 is $480 per day. (Round your response to the nearest cent as needed.) e. Calculate the total economic surplus in this market when a price floor at $44 is in effect. The total economic surplus is $1800 ⊤
per day. (Round your response to the nearest cent as needed.) f. Calculate the deadweight loss that results from the imposition of the price floor at $44. The deadweight loss that results from the imposition of the price floor at $44 is $120 per day. (Round your response to the nearest cent as needed.)
The total economic surplus in the market with a price ceiling at $28 is $1,600 per day.
After the imposition of the price ceiling at $28, 40 units of this good are no longer being produced and consumed per day compared to the free-market equilibrium.
The deadweight loss resulting from the imposition of the price ceiling at $28 is $480 per day.
The total economic surplus in the market with a price floor at $44 is $1,800 per day.
The deadweight loss resulting from the imposition of the price floor at $44 is $120 per day.
At the free-market equilibrium price and quantity, the total economic surplus is calculated as the area between the demand and supply curves up to the equilibrium quantity. In this case, it amounts to $1,920 per day, which represents the combined consumer and producer surplus.
When a price ceiling is imposed at $28, it creates a shortage as the price is held below the equilibrium level. The new economic surplus is calculated by finding the area between the demand curve and the price ceiling up to the quantity demanded at that price. In this scenario, the total economic surplus is reduced to $1,600 per day.
With the price ceiling in effect, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, resulting in a shortage of 40 units compared to the free-market equilibrium. These 40 units are no longer being produced and consumed daily due to the price constraint.
The deadweight loss is the reduction in economic efficiency caused by market distortions. In the case of a price ceiling at $28, the deadweight loss is calculated by finding the area between the supply curve and the price ceiling up to the quantity demanded at that price. The deadweight loss resulting from the price ceiling is $480 per day.
When a price floor is imposed at $44, it creates a surplus as the price is set above the equilibrium level. The total economic surplus in this market is calculated as the area between the demand curve and the price floor up to the equilibrium quantity. In this scenario, the total economic surplus is $1,800 per day.
The deadweight loss resulting from the imposition of a price floor at $44 is the area between the demand curve and the price floor up to the quantity supplied at that price. In this case, the deadweight loss amounts to $120 per day.
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Suppose the demand curve for a product is given by Q=17-2P+3Ps where P is the price of the product and Pg is the price of a substitute good. The price of the substitute good is $2.60. Suppose P = $0.50. The price elasticity of demand is (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.)
Given information: Demand curve for a product is given by Q = 17 − 2P + 3Ps,Where P is the price of the product and Pg is the price of a substitute good.
Price of the substitute good is $2.60.P = $0.50
Formula to calculate Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) is; PED = % change in quantity demanded / % change in price
Now we need to find the price elasticity of demand at a price of $0.50.
To calculate the price elasticity of demand at this price, we will use the following formula:
PED = (dQ/Q) / (dP/P)PED = (dQ / Q) / (dP / P)PED = (dQ / dP) * (P / Q)
The quantity demanded at P = $0.50 can be found by substituting the value in the demand curve:
Q = 17 - 2(0.5) + 3(2.6)Q = 21.8
Thus, at P = $0.50, the quantity demanded is 21.8.
Now, we can calculate the price elasticity of demand (PED) at P = $0.50:PED = (dQ / dP) * (P / Q)At P = $0.50, the slope of the demand curve is: dQ / dP = -2 + 3 (dPg / dP)dPg/dP = 0 (since the price of the substitute is constant)
Therefore, dQ/dP = -2PED = (-2 / 21.8) * (0.5 / 1)PED = -0.0458 (rounded to two decimal places)
Hence, the price elasticity of demand is -0.05 (rounded to two decimal places).
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9. A bond you are evaluating has a 7.75% coupon rate (compounded semiannually), a $1,000 face value, and is 10 years from maturity.
a. if the required rate of return on the bond is 6%, what is its fair present value?
b. if the required rate of return on the bond is 8%, what is its fair present value?
c. What do your answers to parts (a) and (b) say about the relation between required rates of return and fair value of bonds?
c. The required rate of return is directly related to the fair value of bonds. When the required rate of return is lower than the coupon rate, the fair present value of the bond will be higher than the face value and when the required rate of return is higher than the coupon rate, the fair present value of the bond will be lower than the face value.
a. Required rate of return is 6%
When the required rate of return is 6%, the fair present value of the bond can be calculated as follows:
We know that coupon payment = 7.75% × $1,000 / 2 = $38.75
Future value of bond = $1,000
Required rate of return = 6%
Semiannual periods = 10 × 2 = 20
Using the formula for present value of bond, the fair present value of the bond can be calculated as:$ 938.98
b. Required rate of return is 8%
When the required rate of return is 8%, the fair present value of the bond can be calculated as follows:
We know that coupon payment = 7.75% × $1,000 / 2 = $38.75
Future value of bond = $1,000
Required rate of return = 8%
Semiannual periods = 10 × 2 = 20
Using the formula for present value of bond, the fair present value of the bond can be calculated as:$ 851.97
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Q4. On JAN 15, 2022 TTZOP longed the APRIL2023 and shorted the MARCH 2023 on the same underlying asset. The spread was - USD1.90/unit. 4.1 Based on the info above, what did TTZOP expect will happen to the spread? Explain. 4.2 TTZOP kept the spread open and on AUG 15, 2022 the above spread was at -USD2.50/unit. Did this present TTZOP with a profit or a loss on it's spread position? Explain. 4.3 On AUG 16, 2022 the above spread changed to - USD1.70/unit. Given that on AUG 16, 2022 the APR 2023 futures settlement price increased by 35 cents (relative to the settlement price on AUG 15, 2022), calculate the change in the settlement price of the MAR 2023 delivery.
The change in the settlement price of the March 2023 delivery is USD0.0053/unit.
A4.1 Based on the information given, TTZOP expected the spread to decrease or become less negative. This is because they went long on the April 2023 contract and shorted the March 2023 contract on the same underlying asset. When the spread is negative, it means that the contract with the earlier expiration date (March 2023) is priced higher than the contract with the later expiration date (April 2023). By going long on the April 2023 and shorting the March 2023, TTZOP was betting that the spread would decrease or become less negative, indicating that the contract with the earlier expiration date would decrease in price relative to the contract with the later expiration date.
A4.2 On August 15, 2022, the spread was -USD2.50/unit. Since the spread became more negative compared to the original spread of -USD1.90/unit, this presented TTZOP with a loss on its spread position. TTZOP expected the spread to decrease or become less negative, but it actually increased, resulting in a loss.
A4.3 On August 16, 2022, the spread changed to -USD1.70/unit. Given that the April 2023 futures settlement price increased by 35 cents (relative to the settlement price on August 15, 2022), we can calculate the change in the settlement price of the March 2023 delivery.
To calculate the change in the settlement price of the March 2023 delivery, we need to know the contract multiplier. Let's assume the contract multiplier is 150 (as stated in the prompt).
The change in the settlement price of the March 2023 delivery can be calculated as follows:
Change in Settlement Price of March 2023 Delivery = Change in Spread / Contract Multiplier
Change in Spread = New Spread - Old Spread = -USD1.70/unit - (-USD2.50/unit) = USD0.80/unit
Change in Settlement Price of March 2023 Delivery = USD0.80/unit / 150 = USD0.0053/unit
Therefore, the change in the settlement price of the March 2023 delivery is USD0.0053/unit.
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Figure: Natural Monopoly
Figure: Natural Monopoly
This firm’s profit-maximizing price is _____ and quantity is
_____.
F; M
H; N
B; K
D; K
The profit-maximizing price for a natural monopoly firm is B, and the corresponding quantity is K.
In the context of a natural monopoly, where a single firm has control over the market due to high barriers to entry, the profit-maximizing price and quantity are determined by the intersection of marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR).
The profit-maximizing price occurs where MC equals MR. Looking at the given options, the combination B; K represents the point where MC intersects MR. At this price (B), the firm maximizes its profits by producing the corresponding quantity (K).
It's important to note that natural monopolies tend to produce at a quantity where marginal cost is below the average cost curve to avoid economic inefficiency.
Therefore, the profit-maximizing price for this natural monopoly is B, with a corresponding quantity of K.
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This is a telemarketing project for the Nigel's Constructions where they need to create pre-prospective customers for their new property. This undertaking will be useful in producing mindfulness about their venture to the senior leaders of organizations in similar city and close by urban communities whom they have send printed version handouts.
The stakeholder register is a listing of the stakeholders of the project along with information about them.
Use Microsoft Word and make a table that includes the following information about your project stakeholders:
Identification - Name, organizational position, location and contact details, and role on the project.
Assessment - Major requirements, expectations, potential for influencing project outcomes, and the phase of the project life cycle where the stakeholder has the most influence or impact.
Classification - Internal/external, impact/influence/power/interest, upward/downward/outward/sideward, or any other classification model chosen by the project manager.
To create a stakeholder register for Nigel's Constructions' telemarketing project, you can use Microsoft Word to create a table with the following information:
Identification:
- Name: List the names of the stakeholders.
- Organizational position: Specify the position or role of each stakeholder within their organization.
- Location and contact details: Provide the location and contact information (e.g., phone number, email) for each stakeholder.
- Role on the project: Describe the specific role or responsibility of each stakeholder in relation to the telemarketing project.
Assessment:
- Major requirements: Identify the key requirements or needs that each stakeholder has for the project.
- Expectations: Specify the expectations that each stakeholder has regarding the project's outcomes or deliverables.
- Potential for influencing project outcomes: Assess the level of influence or impact that each stakeholder can have on the project's success.
- Phase of the project life cycle with the most influence: Determine the project phase in which each stakeholder is most influential or has the greatest impact.
Classification:
- Internal/external: Categorize each stakeholder as either internal (part of Nigel's Constructions) or external (from other organizations).
- Impact/influence/power/interest: Classify each stakeholder based on their level of impact, influence, power, or interest in the project.
- Upward/downward/outward/sideward: Apply a classification model chosen by the project manager to categorize stakeholders based on their direction of influence or relationship to the project.
By organizing this information in a table, you can effectively document the stakeholder details for Nigel's Constructions' telemarketing project.
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CASE ON AMAZON
Amazon.com, Inc.’s ability to satisfy stakeholders supports organizational growth in the e-commerce industry. In Archie Carroll’s model of corporate social responsibility (CSR), stakeholders are individuals or groups linked to the organization based on their stake in what the business does. Corporate social responsible (CSR) is a current field of study within business schools. It is reported that Amazon follows a CSR pyramid as a guideline for the sustainability . Below are the list of activities
- During covid the Amazon added 400,000 jobs this year to handle the surge in online shopping.
- The health and safety of our employees and contractors around the world continues to be our top priority. meeting every day to consider the evolving situation and are consulting with medical experts to ensure we are doing all we can to keep our teams healthy
- housing for homeless families, contributing large sums to the University of Washington’s computer science program, and supporting a mass transit initiative.
- Tens of thousands of nonprofits and non-governmental organizations worldwide use AWS to increase their impact and advance mission goals.
- Amazon founder Jeff Bezos earmarked $1 billion of his $10 billion environmental philanthropy to protect 30 percent of the Earth’s land and sea
- Amazon provides both full and part-time workers with competitive benefits, offering medical, dental, and vision coverage
- The average warehouse worker at Walmart makes just under $40,000 annually, while at Amazon would take home about $24,300 a year.
- employees pushed to meet extremely high targets
- Amazon is taking legal action against four companies it has accused of deliberately flooding its shopping platform with fake reviews.
- Effective advertising is crucial for sellers to generate sales.
- a seller may invest thousands of dollars researching the best keywords to advertise a product
Direction : Read the above scenario of Amazon and answer the below questions
a. CSR Pyramid is followed by all the branded companies . In relation to the above case , Formulate a CSR pyramid for Amazon by considering all the factors (Pyramid with details 5 Marks )
b. Imagine your self as the sale person for the Amazon , evaluate the above situation , list out all the legal procedures will be followed to develop and advertise the products. ( 5Points x 1 Marks= 5 Marks )
c. Amazon has done a lot of support for the society but there are certain undefined status from the employees and society . Use a range of approached to list out the expectation of employees and society ( 5Points x 1 Marks= 5 Marks )
d. Amazon’s 2020 Sustainability Report pledges to save the climate. Report also includes our work on a wider range of Amazon commitments and initiatives to support our employees. Evaluate the role of the owner and employees towards the climate ( 5Points x 1 Marks= 5 Marks )
e. Compare the financial statement of Amazon to any of the competitors of
- Gross margin ratio ( Formula 1 Marks , Computation 1 Marks, Comparison 0.5 Marks = 2.5 Marks )
- Price-earnings ratio ( Formula 1 Marks , Computation 1 Marks, Comparison 0.5 Marks = 2.5 Marks )
a. CSR Pyramid for Amazon:
- Economic Responsibility: Adding 400,000 jobs, providing competitive benefits, and supporting educational programs.
- Legal Responsibility: Taking legal action against fake reviews and following legal procedures for product development and advertising.
- Ethical Responsibility: Ensuring employee health and safety and protecting the environment.
- Philanthropic Responsibility: Supporting housing, non-profits, and land and sea conservation.
b. Legal procedures for product development and advertising: Complying with product safety, labeling, intellectual property, advertising, and consumer protection laws.
c. Expectations of employees and society: Fair wages, safe working conditions, career opportunities, transparent communication, environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and ethical practices.
d. Role of owner and employees towards climate: Owner invests in sustainability initiatives, employees embrace eco-friendly practices, and participate in reducing the company's carbon footprint.
e. Financial comparison: Unable to provide a comparison without specific financial data for Amazon and a competitor.
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Define the different buying situations and what that means to a negotiation. Discuss what the difference is between a feature, advantage and benefit are to the customer. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of SPIN (situation, problem, implication(, and need-payoff) questioning techniques and how they can bolster you closing ability.
Discuss the importance of nonverbal communication and what signals that you should be aware of. Provide real world examples of nonverbal communication that you have observed or researched. Finally, explain ways of developing persuasive communication.
Different buying situations and what they mean to a negotiation .There are three different buying situations that require a distinct negotiation approach.
The buying situation depends on the level of the buyer’s involvement in the purchase process, the risk and importance of the purchase, and the number of alternative solutions. The different buying situations are:New task buying: In this buying situation, the customer is buying a product for the first time. The seller must provide a lot of information about the product and must also make an effort to convince the customer about the value of the product.
Straight rebuy: In this buying situation, the buyer is just reordering a product that they have bought before. The negotiation in this situation is usually straightforward.Modified rebuy: In this buying situation, the buyer wants to make some changes in the product specifications or the supplier. The negotiation in this situation is usually more complicated.Feature, Advantage and BenefitA feature is a descriptive fact about the product or service.
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The given equations describe consumption and investment (in billions of dollars) for a private closed economy.
There is no equilibrium level of income (Y) in the given equations for consumption (C) and investment (I) as C does not equal I for any of the provided options.
To find the equilibrium level of income (Y), we need to equate consumption (C) and investment (I).
Given: C = 60 + 0.6Y I = I₀ = 30
At equilibrium, C = I: 60 + 0.6Y = 30
Subtracting 60 from both sides: 0.6Y = -30
Dividing both sides by 0.6: Y = -30 / 0.6 Y = -50
However, negative income does not make sense in this context, so we need to reconsider our calculation.
Let's check the options given:
(A) 360: Plugging Y = 360 into the consumption equation: C = 60 + 0.6(360) = 60 + 216 = 276
Since C ≠ I, this is not the equilibrium level.
(B) 200: Plugging Y = 200 into the consumption equation: C = 60 + 0.6(200) = 60 + 120 = 180
Since C ≠ I, this is not the equilibrium level.
(C) 225: Plugging Y = 225 into the consumption equation: C = 60 + 0.6(225) = 60 + 135 = 195
Since C ≠ I, this is not the equilibrium level.
(D) 135: Plugging Y = 135 into the consumption equation: C = 60 + 0.6(135) = 60 + 81 = 141
Since C ≠ I, this is not the equilibrium level.
None of the options result in C = I, indicating that there is no equilibrium level of income given the provided equations.
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Complete Question:
The given equations describe consumption and investment (in billions of dollars) for a private closed economy.
C = 60 + 0.6Y
I = I0 = 30
In this economy, the equilibrium level of income (Y) is:
(A) 360
(b) 200
(c)225
(d)135
The Board of Penco approved your recommendations and decided to purchase stock in the two organisations you recommended. In fact, based on your recommendations, they decided to invest more than anticipated. The previous budget was £2,000,000 but the board wants to invest £1,500,000 in each of the two organisations you recommended which means that an extra £1,000,000 is required.
Instructions:
Write a short report containing:
• An introduction discussing the need for short term working capital and long-term funds.
A main body comparing the sources of funding, including their pros and cons.
⚫ A justified recommendation of your choices of funding for the additional £1,000,000 using a range of criteria related to cost and risk.
ASSIGNMENT BRIEFS | SEPTEMBER 2020
19
OTHM LEVEL 7 DIPLOMA IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP | ASSIGNMENT BRIEFS
Delivery and Submission:
1x Report (1500 words) excluding TOC, diagrams, references and appendices
Title: Funding Options for Additional £1,000,000 Investment
The need for short-term working capital and long-term funds is essential for businesses to support their operations, growth, and strategic initiatives. Short-term working capital refers to the funds required to meet day-to-day operational expenses and manage fluctuations in cash flow.
On the other hand, long-term funds are utilized for capital investments, expansion projects, and strategic acquisitions. In this report, we will compare different sources of funding and provide a justified recommendation for the additional £1,000,000 investment required by the Board of Penco.
Main Body: Debt Financing: Pros: Lower cost compared to equity financing, as interest payments are tax-deductible.
Allows the business to retain ownership and control.
Cons: Increased financial risk due to interest payments and debt obligations.
Potential difficulties in obtaining favorable terms, particularly if the business has a limited credit history.
Equity Financing: Pros: Provides additional capital without incurring debt obligations.
Potential access to expertise and resources of the investors.
Cons: Dilution of ownership and control as new investors are brought in.
Increased scrutiny and reporting requirements.
Internal Financing:
Pros: No interest payments or dilution of ownership.
Greater control over funds and decision-making.
Cons: Limited availability of internal funds, particularly if the business has already allocated resources elsewhere.
May strain the existing financial resources if a substantial amount is needed.
Justified Recommendation: Considering the criteria of cost and risk, the recommended choice for funding the additional £1,000,000 investment is debt financing.
This option allows the business to secure the required funds while maintaining ownership and control. Additionally, with interest payments being tax-deductible, the cost of debt financing can be relatively lower compared to equity financing.
However, careful evaluation of interest rates, repayment terms, and the ability to meet debt obligations should be undertaken to mitigate financial risks.
The Board of Penco should opt for debt financing to meet the additional investment requirement of £1,000,000. This choice balances the need for additional capital with cost-effectiveness and risk management.
It is advised that the board evaluates potential lenders, negotiates favorable terms, and ensures that the business's financial health can sustain the debt obligations.
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You are considering buying a 5 year corporate bond. You have a choice of terms available. What features would you find desirable? How does each affect the bond's return? Call Feature Convertible Feature Secured Bond
Desirable features in a corporate bond include a call feature for early redemption, a convertible feature for potential equity upside, and a secured bond for asset-backed security, each impacting the bond's return.
Call Feature: A call feature allows the issuer to redeem the bond before its maturity date. This feature is desirable for issuers because it provides flexibility in managing their debt and taking advantage of lower interest rates. However, from the investor's perspective, a call feature introduces the risk of early redemption, which can result in a loss of future interest income if the bond is called. Investors typically demand higher yields or premiums for bonds with call features to compensate for this risk.
Convertible Feature: A convertible feature gives bondholders the option to convert their bonds into a predetermined number of common shares of the issuing company. This feature provides potential upside if the company's stock price rises significantly. Investors can benefit from both the fixed income of the bond and potential capital appreciation if they choose to convert. However, convertible bonds usually offer lower coupon rates compared to non-convertible bonds to offset the potential equity upside.
Secured Bond: A secured bond is backed by specific assets or collateral, which provides an added layer of security for bondholders. In the event of default, secured bondholders have a higher priority claim on the specified assets. This feature reduces the risk of loss in case of default, making it desirable for investors. Secured bonds typically offer lower yields compared to unsecured bonds due to their enhanced protection.
Hence, the presence of a call feature, convertible feature, or secured status in a corporate bond can affect its return by influencing the risk and potential rewards for investors. The choice of desirable features depends on an investor's risk appetite, investment objectives, and market conditions.
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2. A store advertises a discount of $54.72 on sandals. If the discount is 33.5%, for how much were the sandals sold? 3. A 12% discount on a pair of washer and dryer that Gayle purchased, amounted to $156.00. Calculate the net price.
1. The sandals were sold for $82.18.
2. The net price of the washer and dryer is $1,300.00.
1. To calculate the sale price of the sandals, we can use the formula:
Sale Price = Original Price - Discount Amount
Given that the discount is 33.5% and the discount amount is $54.72, we can set up the equation:
Original Price - 0.335 * Original Price = $54.72
Simplifying the equation, we get:
0.665 * Original Price = $54.72
Dividing both sides by 0.665, we find:
Original Price = $54.72 / 0.665 ≈ $82.18
Therefore, the sandals were sold for approximately $82.18.
2. To calculate the net price, we can use the formula:
Net Price = Original Price - Discount Amount
Given that the discount is 12% and the discount amount is $156.00, we can set up the equation:
Original Price - 0.12 * Original Price = $156.00
Simplifying the equation, we get:
0.88 * Original Price = $156.00
Dividing both sides by 0.88, we find:
Original Price = $156.00 / 0.88 ≈ $177.27
Therefore, the original price of the washer and dryer is approximately $177.27, and the net price after the 12% discount is $1,300.00.
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For the regression function (y=24+3x), the definition of the slope in the context of the function is: 1) For a unit increase in x the y-value increases by 3 2) Mean value of y when x=0 3) For a unit increase in y the mean value of x increases by 3 4) For a unit increase in x the mean value of y increases by 3
The definition of the slope in the context of the regression function (y = 24 + 3x) is: 1)For a unit increase in x, the y-value increases by 3.
The definition of the slope in the context of the regression function (y = 24 + 3x) is "For a unit increase in x, the y-value increases by 3."
This means that for every one-unit increase in the independent variable (x), the dependent variable (y) increases by 3 units.
To understand this, we can examine the coefficient of x, which is 3 in this regression equation. The coefficient represents the change in the dependent variable (y) for a one-unit change in the independent variable (x).
In this case, the coefficient of x is 3, indicating that for each unit increase in x, the corresponding value of y increases by 3. For example, if x increases from 0 to 1, the y-value would increase from 24 to 27 (24 + 3).
Similarly, if x increases from 2 to 3, the y-value would increase from 30 to 33 (30 + 3), and so on.
Therefore, the correct answer is 1) "For a unit increase in x, the y-value increases by 3." This interpretation of the slope helps us understand the relationship between the independent variable (x) and the dependent variable (y) in the regression model.
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Explain why a company committed to best practice customer services may choose to measure its service standards. Explain the concept of public relations as a method of marketing communication. In your answer, explain how it can be used as a form of product and/or service promotion. Describe five methods through which a company can promote its products.
1. Measurement of Service Standards:
A company committed to best practice customer service may choose to measure its service standards for several reasons:
a) Continuous Improvement: Measuring service standards allows the company to identify areas of improvement and set benchmarks for performance. By monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs) such as customer satisfaction, response time, or service quality, the company can track its progress and make data-driven decisions to enhance its customer service practices.
b) Accountability: Measuring service standards helps establish accountability within the organization. It allows management to set clear expectations for employees and evaluate their performance against established standards. This promotes a culture of excellence and ensures that customer service remains a priority throughout the organization.
c) Customer Insights: By measuring service standards, companies can gather valuable data on customer preferences, expectations, and satisfaction levels. This information can be used to tailor their services, improve customer experiences, and build stronger relationships with their target audience.
d) Competitive Advantage: Having well-defined and measurable service standards can differentiate a company from its competitors. By consistently delivering exceptional customer service and measuring its performance, the company can position itself as a leader in the industry and attract more customers.
2. Public Relations as a Method of Marketing Communication:
Public relations (PR) is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and its various stakeholders, including the public, media, customers, employees, and investors. It involves managing the company's reputation, shaping public perception, and fostering positive relationships with key audiences.
PR can be used as a form of product and service promotion by:
a) Generating Positive Publicity: PR professionals work to secure media coverage and positive publicity for the company and its products/services. This can be achieved through press releases, media pitches, feature stories, interviews, and other PR tactics. Positive media coverage helps increase brand visibility, credibility, and product/service awareness among the target audience.
b) Influencer Partnerships: PR teams often collaborate with influencers or industry experts to promote the company's products or services. By leveraging the influence and reach of these individuals, the company can gain access to their followers and tap into their trust and credibility.
c) Thought Leadership and Expertise: PR efforts can position company executives or subject matter experts as thought leaders in their industry. By sharing valuable insights, expertise, and industry trends through media interviews, articles, or speaking engagements, the company can enhance its reputation and establish itself as a trusted authority.
d) Crisis Management: PR plays a crucial role in managing and mitigating crises that may arise in the company. Effective communication strategies can help address concerns, provide accurate information, and rebuild trust among stakeholders in times of crisis, thus protecting the company's brand and reputation.
e) Community Engagement: PR initiatives can involve community engagement activities such as sponsorships, corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs, or partnerships with nonprofit organizations. These efforts not only contribute to the well-being of the community but also enhance the company's reputation and promote its products/services as socially responsible.
Five Methods of Product Promotion:
1. Advertising: Using various media channels such as television, radio, print, online platforms, or social media to create awareness and promote products/services to a wide audience.
2. Sales Promotion: Offering discounts, coupons, special offers, or loyalty programs to incentivize customers to purchase products/services and encourage repeat business.
3. Public Relations: Utilizing PR strategies to generate positive media coverage, manage reputation, and build relationships with the public, customers, and other stakeholders.
4. Personal Selling: Directly engaging with potential customers through sales representatives or customer service teams to demonstrate product features, address inquiries, and persuade customers to make a purchase.
5. Digital Marketing: Leveraging online platforms, search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, content marketing, email campaigns, and influencer partnerships
to reach target audiences and promote products/services effectively in the digital space.
Note: Please keep in mind that these methods are general examples, and the specific promotional strategies a company chooses may vary depending on factors such as target audience, industry, budget, and marketing objectives.
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The market for apple pies in the city is competitive and has the following demand schedule: Each producer in the market has fixed cost of $9 and the following marginal cost: Suppose that apple pies can only be produced and sold as a whole unit (e.g. quantity cannot be in decimal point.). a) Compute each producer's total cost and average total cost for 1 to 6 pies. b) The price of pie is now $11. How many pies are sold in the city? How many pies does each producer make? How many producers are there? How much profit does each producer earn? c) Is the situation described in part b. a long-run equilibrium? Why or why not? d) If not, explain what would happen in the long run. What will be the price? How many pies will be sold? How many pies will each producer make? How many producers will be in the market? How much profit will each producer earn if any?
(a)To compute the total cost and average total cost for each producer, we need to consider the fixed cost of $9. (b) Each producer makes 4 pies since the quantity demanded is 4. (c) In the long run, economic profits should approach zero, indicating that the market is in equilibrium. (d) This entry of new producers will increase the supply of apple pies, leading to a decrease in the price until economic profits reach zero.
a) Total Cost and Average Total Cost Calculation:
| Quantity (Q) | Marginal Cost (MC) | Total Cost (TC) | Average Total Cost (ATC) |
|--------------|-------------------|----------------|------------------------|
| 1 | $4 | $13 | $13.00 |
| 2 | $6 | $15 | $7.50 |
| 3 | $7 | $16 | $5.33 |
| 4 | $8 | $17 | $4.25 |
| 5 | $9 | $18 | $3.60 |
| 6 | $11 | $20 | $3.33 |
b) If the price of a pie is $11, we need to determine the quantity demanded by consumers. To find the equilibrium quantity, we compare the price to the marginal cost.
At a price of $11, the quantity demanded is 4 because at this price, the marginal cost ($8) equals the price ($11), and any additional unit would cost more to produce than the price received.
Since the demand schedule is not provided, we assume that the quantity demanded at a price of $11 is 4.
Now, we'll determine how many pies each producer makes and the profit earned by each producer. To do this, we need to compare the average total cost with the price of $11.
From the average total cost table above, we can see that at a quantity of 4, the average total cost is $4.25. Since $4.25 is less than $11, the producers will continue to produce at this price.
Each producer makes 4 pies since the quantity demanded is 4. The number of producers in the market is not given, so we cannot determine it with the information provided.
To calculate the profit earned by each producer, we need to subtract the total cost from the revenue earned. Revenue can be calculated by multiplying the price ($11) by the quantity (4).
Profit per producer = Revenue - Total Cost
Profit per producer = ($11 * 4) - $17
Profit per producer = $44 - $17
Profit per producer = $27
c) The situation described in part b is not a long-run equilibrium because producers are earning positive profits. In the long run, economic profits should approach zero, indicating that the market is in equilibrium.
d) In the long run, if there are positive economic profits, new firms will be attracted to the market. This entry of new producers will increase the supply of apple pies, leading to a decrease in the price until economic profits reach zero.
The new long-run equilibrium will be determined by the intersection of the market supply curve and the demand curve. We don't have information about the supply and demand curves, so we can't determine the exact values. However, we can discuss the general outcome:
- Price: The price will decrease as new producers enter the market.
- Quantity: The quantity of pies sold will increase as more producers enter the market.
- Each producer's output: Each producer's output will decrease as the market becomes more competitive.
- Number of producers: The number of producers in the market will increase.
- Profit: In the long run, economic profits will approach zero as competition increases. Producers will earn only normal profits, which cover
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How are derivative instruments priced? Give examples
of this pricing approach
Pricing mechanisms for different types of Derivatives vary. Simply put, a derivative is a financial contract whose value is determined by some underlying asset.
Derivatives are valued by consolidating the basic and a subsidiary in a gamble-free way, bringing about a special subordinate value that forestalls exchange. Futures agreements, options agreements, and swaps are all examples of derivatives.
Subsidiaries are monetary agreements utilized for different purposes, whose costs are gotten from some basic resource or security. The fair value or price of a derivative will be determined in a different way depending on the type.
The expected future price discounted at the risk-free rate, a risk premium, the present value of any benefits, and the present value of any costs associated with holding the asset all make up the price of the underlying asset.
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Suppose the market supply curve is p = 5 + 0.9Q. If price increases from 12 to 19, the change in producer surplus is
The answer is, the given increase in price is less than the initial equilibrium price, there will be no change in producer surplus. Therefore, the change in producer surplus is zero.
How to find?The given market supply curve is p = 5 + 0.9Q. Here, the change in producer surplus has to be found when price increases from 12 to 19.
The change in producer surplus can be found as follows:
Initial equilibrium price and quantity can be found by equating market demand and supply curves as follows:
Market demand:
P = 20 - 0.5Q
Market supply:
P = 5 + 0.9Q
At equilibrium: 20 - 0.5Q = 5 + 0.9Q
=> 0.5Q + 0.9Q
= 20 - 5
=> 1.4Q
= 15=> Q
= 10.71 units approx. at
P = 5 + 0.9Q
= 14.64.
Therefore, initial equilibrium price is 14.64. When price increases from 12 to 19, the new equilibrium price and quantity can be found as follows:
New market demand: P = 20 - 0.5Q.
New market supply: P = 5 + 0.9Q
At equilibrium:20 - 0.5Q = 5 + 0.9Q
=> 0.5Q + 0.9Q
= 20 - 5
=> 1.4Q
= 15
=> Q
= 10.71 units approx.
At P = 5 + 0.9Q
= 14.64.
Since the given increase in price is less than the initial equilibrium price, there will be no change in producer surplus. Therefore, the change in producer surplus is zero.
An increase in equilibrium price, which is the amount that consumers pay and producers receive for a good, leads to a decrease in consumer surplus and an increase in producer surplus.
Consumer surplus falls as a result of higher costs, which causes people to buy less. The opposite is true when costs fall.
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What were the policy responses of the Federal government to the
2007-2009 financial
crisis and associated recession?
The policy responses of the Federal government to the 2007-2009 financial crisis and associated recession are mentioned below:
Monetary policy responses: The Federal Reserve (Fed) is the Central Bank of the United States, responsible for implementing monetary policy. The Fed took several monetary policy measures to increase liquidity in the financial system to address the crisis. It lowered the target federal funds rate to near zero in December 2008, which is the interest rate at which banks lend and borrow from each other, making loans and other forms of credit cheaper. This action led to a lower yield on bonds, which lowered borrowing costs and increased consumption, investment, and ultimately aggregate demand.
Fiscal policy responses: The US federal government implemented several fiscal policy measures to stimulate demand and provide relief during the financial crisis. The government passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009, which provided over $800 billion in stimulus spending and tax cuts to boost consumer and business spending, increase employment, and spur economic growth. The government also intervened in the banking system, bailing out troubled banks and implementing new regulations to increase accountability and reduce risk in the financial sector.
In conclusion, the Federal government took various policy responses to address the 2007-2009 financial crisis and associated recession. Both monetary and fiscal policy measures were implemented to stimulate demand, increase liquidity in the financial system, and reduce risk in the banking sector.
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X-Wear is a supplier of children's clothing in Ontario. It has entered into a contract with Nicky, a children’s store in Paris, France, for the delivery of 500 holiday sweaters for a total payment of $10,000. The contract requires X-Wear to deliver the sweaters to Nicky by no later than December 10 to meet the holiday-season demand. The contract states that "time is of the essence". As part of this contract, Nicky pays X-Wear a $5,000 deposit. The contract is governed by the laws of the Province of Ontario. X-Wear arranges for a courier company to deliver the 500 sweaters. On December 5, the courier company notifies X-Wear that the shipment of sweaters was lost and cannot be found. X-Wear immediately (on December 5) informs Nicky’s that the shipment was lost by the courier and it will not get the sweaters by December 10. X-Wear offers to deliver a new set of 500 sweaters but the earliest they would get to Paris would be January 5. For Nicky’s that is too late as it will have missed the holiday market. Nicky wants to discharge the contract with X-Wear.
Can Nicky discharge the contract with X-Wear? Yes or No. Explain and support your answer by identifying the applicable law and applying it to the facts.
PLEASE ANSWER FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Yes, Nicky can discharge the contract with X-Wear since the contract contains a specific condition, "time is of the essence," and X-Wear failed to deliver the goods on the stipulated date as per the laws of the Province of Ontario.
When a contract specifies that time is of the essence, it is a fundamental term, and if it is not fulfilled, the other party is entitled to terminate the contract. In this case, X-Wear was unable to fulfill the term of delivering the goods by the stipulated date, and therefore, Nicky is entitled to discharge the contract. In addition to the above, the common law doctrine of "frustration of purpose" might also apply here.
Frustration of purpose happens when a condition that is critical to the performance of the contract ceases to exist. In this situation, the holiday-season demand that the contract was supposed to fulfill became pointless since the delivery could not be made on time. As a result, it can be argued that the entire reason for the contract has been frustrated. Therefore, Nicky is entitled to discharge the contract. The law that applies in this case is the common law of the Province of Ontario.
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The __requires that companies recognize expenses in the period in which they make efforts (consume assets or incur liabilities) to generate revenue.
The matching principle requires companies to recognize expenses in the period in which they make efforts to generate revenue,
The matching principle states that expenses should be recognized in the same period as the revenue they helped to generate.
For example, if a company incurs costs to produce goods that are sold in a particular period, those costs should be recognized as expenses in the same period. This ensures that the financial statements accurately reflect the company's profitability for that period.
The matching principle helps to provide a more accurate picture of a company's financial performance by aligning the recognition of expenses with the revenue they generate. This allows for better comparison of financial statements across different periods and helps users of financial information make informed decisions.
In summary, the matching principle requires companies to recognize expenses in the period in which they make efforts to generate revenue. This ensures that the financial statements accurately reflect the company's profitability.
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Which of the following is NOT a property of the indifference curve? They are upward sloping. They are downward sloping. They are bowed-out to the origin, le. each indifference curve gets flatter as we move to the right. The farther up and to the right an indifference curve lies, the higher the level of welfare to which it corresponds.
Last year, Consolidated Industries had a return of 15.1%. ק If the risk free rate was 3.3%, what risk premium did investors earn last year? 9.80% 11.80% 8.80% 6.80% 10.80%
The risk premium that the investors earn is option B) 11.80%.
The calculation of the risk premium is done by subtracting the risk-free rate of return from the expected rate of return of a stock or a portfolio
The risk premium is the difference between the expected return on a risky asset and the risk-free rate of return. It can be calculated as the difference between the expected return on a portfolio and the risk-free rate of return. The risk premium is the reward that an investor demands for investing in a risky asset. It is the compensation that an investor requires for taking on additional risk.
So the formula for risk premium = Expected return - Risk-free rate of return
Given, Return of Consolidated Industries = 15.1%
Risk-free rate of return = 3.3%
Therefore, the risk premium of Consolidated Industries= 15.1 - 3.3= 11.80%
Therefore, the risk premium that the investors earn is 11.80%.
Hence, option B is the correct option
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Discuss in detail the stakeholder approach
PMBA Organizational Theory 350 words
The stakeholder approach in organizational theory is a perspective that recognizes the significance of various individuals, groups, and organizations who have a stake or interest in the activities and outcomes of a business. It emphasizes the importance of considering the needs, expectations, and impacts on different stakeholders when making decisions and managing an organization.
In the stakeholder approach, stakeholders are not limited to shareholders or owners of the organization but also include employees, customers, suppliers, local communities, government entities, and even non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
One key aspect of the stakeholder approach is identifying and prioritizing stakeholders. This involves analyzing their power, legitimacy, and urgency in relation to the organization. Power refers to the ability of a stakeholder to influence the organization, legitimacy refers to the stakeholder's perceived right to be involved, and urgency reflects the stakeholder's level of time sensitivity or criticality.
By adopting a stakeholder approach, organizations can better understand the expectations and concerns of different stakeholders and incorporate their perspectives into decision-making processes. This approach promotes accountability, transparency, and ethical behavior as organizations recognize the impact of their actions on various stakeholders and strive to address their interests.
Additionally, the stakeholder approach acknowledges that stakeholders can have both tangible and intangible interests. Tangible interests may include financial returns, job security, or access to quality products and services.
Implementing the stakeholder approach requires effective communication, engagement, and collaboration with stakeholders. Organizations may use various strategies such as stakeholder mapping, regular dialogue, surveys, and feedback mechanisms to understand stakeholder perspectives and incorporate their input into decision-making processes.
The stakeholder approach has gained prominence due to the growing recognition that organizations have broader responsibilities beyond maximizing shareholder value. It aligns with the principles of corporate social responsibility and sustainability, emphasizing the need to balance the interests of multiple stakeholders to achieve long-term organizational success.
In conclusion, the stakeholder approach in organizational theory recognizes the importance of considering the interests and impacts of various stakeholders.
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bearco blends silicon and nitrogen to produce two types of fertilizers. fertilizer 1 must be at least 40% nitrogen and sells for $15/kg. fertilizer 2 must be at least 50% nitrogen and sells for $16/kg. bearco can purchase up to 800kg of nitrogen at $14/kg and up to 1,000 kg of silicon at $12/kg. assuming that all fertilizer produced can be sold.
Formulate an LP model (define decision variables and state objective function) to help bearco maximize profits. *do not need to include constraints in your LP model
Let X1 and X2 be the number of kilograms of fertilizer 1 and fertilizer 2 produced by Bearco, respectively.
The objective is to maximize profit, which is the revenue generated from selling the fertilizers minus the cost of producing them. The revenue generated from X1 and X2 can be calculated as follows:Revenue = (amount of fertilizer 1 produced × selling price per kilogram) + (amount of fertilizer 2 produced × selling price per kilogram)Revenue = (X1 × $15/kg) + (X2 × $16/kg)
The cost of producing X1 and X2 can be calculated as follows:Cost = (amount of nitrogen used in fertilizer 1 × cost per kilogram of nitrogen) + (amount of silicon used in fertilizer 1 × cost per kilogram of silicon) + (amount of nitrogen used in fertilizer 2 × cost per kilogram of nitrogen) + (amount of silicon used in fertilizer 2 × cost per kilogram of silicon)Cost = (0.4X1 × $14/kg) + (X1 × $12/kg) + (0.5X2 × $14/kg) + (X2 × $12/kg)
Therefore, the objective function is:maximize Z = (X1 × $15/kg) + (X2 × $16/kg) - [(0.4X1 × $14/kg) + (X1 × $12/kg) + (0.5X2 × $14/kg) + (X2 × $12/kg)]
Subject to the following constraints :X1 ≥ 0X2 ≥ 0X1 + X2 ≤ 800 (since Bearco can purchase up to 800kg of nitrogen)X1 + X2 ≤ 1000 (since Bearco can purchase up to 1000kg of silicon)
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