Downsizing is a process that is used by organizations to reduce the number of employees and streamline operations in order to improve efficiency and profitability. It is a difficult decision that can have a significant impact on the organization and its employees.
There are two important factors that can ensure the effectiveness of downsizing. These factors are as follows:1. Strategic PlanningBefore downsizing, it is important to plan strategically. It means that you need to have a clear understanding of the objectives and goals of the organization. The management team needs to identify the areas that require improvement and the resources required to achieve those objectives. It is important to have a clear plan in place before starting the downsizing process. These factors are critical in ensuring that the downsizing process is done in a strategic and controlled manner and that the employees are treated with respect and compassion.
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lection
4
Book
Suppose that the manager of a construction supply house determined from historical records that demand for sand averages 49 tons. In addition, suppose the manager determined that demand during lead time could be described by a normal distribution that has a mean of 49 and a standard deviation of 3 tons. Answer the following questions assuming that the manager is willing to accept a stockout risk of no more than 3 percent. Use Table 8.2 (Round your answer to two decimal points.) a. What value of z is appropriate?
Format
Rotation
stic Effects
c. What reorder point should be used? (Round your answer to two decimal points.)
b. How much safety stock should be held? (Round your answer to two decimal points.)
Safety Stock
Edges
a. The appropriate value of z can be found by subtracting the desired service level from 1 and then looking up the corresponding value in Table 8.2.
b. The safety stock can be calculated by multiplying the value of z from part (a) by the standard deviation of the lead time demand.
c. The reorder point should be the average demand during lead time plus the safety stock.
Given that the manager is willing to accept a stockout risk of no more than 3 percent:
a. The value of z can be found as:z = Z(1 - desired service level)
= Z(1 - 0.03) = Z(0.97)
b. The safety stock can be calculated as:
safety stock = z * standard deviation of lead time demand = z * 3 tons
c. The reorder point should be:
reorder point = average demand during lead time + safety stock = 49 tons + safety stock
Please note that the specific value of z and the calculations may differ depending on the exact values provided in Table 8.2.
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Empire Electric Company (EEC) uses only debt and common equity. It can borrow unlimited amounts at an interest rate of ra- 10% as long as it finances at its target capital structure, which calls for 30% debt and 70% common equity. Its last dividend (Do) was $2.25, its expected constant growth rate is 3%, and its common stock sells for $20. EEC's tax rate is 25%. Two projects are available: Project A has a rate of return of 15%, and Project B's return is 12%. These two projects are equally risky and about as risky as the firm's existing assets.
a. What is its cost of common equity? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
b. What is the WACC? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
%
c. Which projects should Empire accept?
-Select-
a) The cost of common equity (Ke) is 14.55%. b) The WACC is found to be 12.43%. c) EEC should accept both Project A and Project B to maximize shareholder value.
a. The cost of common equity (Ke) is calculated using the dividend discount model (DDM). EEC's Ke is found to be 14.55% based on its last dividend, expected growth rate, and current stock price. This represents the return required by investors to hold EEC's common equity.
b.The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the average cost of financing for a company. EEC's WACC is determined by weighting the cost of debt (Kd) and the cost of common equity (Ke) according to the target capital structure. With a target structure of 30% debt and 70% common equity, and considering the tax rate, EEC's WACC is found to be 12.43%.
c. When comparing the rate of return of each project with the WACC, it is observed that both Project A (15%) and Project B (12%) have higher rates of return than the WACC. This implies that both projects offer returns higher than the cost of capital and are financially beneficial for EEC. Therefore, EEC should accept both Project A and Project B to maximize shareholder value.
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when major changes are initiated in organizations, "... there is often the implicit assumption that training will 'solve the problem.' and, indeed, training may solve part of the problem" (dormant, 1986, p. 238).
When major changes are initiated in organizations, it is common for people to assume that training will be the solution to any problems that arise.
However, according to Dormant (1986), while training may solve some aspects of the problem, it may not be enough to fully address the issues at hand. Training can be an effective tool for equipping employees with the necessary skills and knowledge to adapt to the changes. It can provide them with a better understanding of new processes, technologies, or strategies. However, training alone may not address other important factors such as resistance to change, organizational culture, or communication challenges.
To ensure the success of major changes, organizations need to consider a holistic approach. This involves not only providing training but also actively engaging employees in the change process, addressing any concerns or resistance, and creating a supportive organizational culture. Additionally, organizations should establish clear communication channels to keep employees informed about the changes and provide opportunities for feedback. This will help to ensure that employees understand the reasons behind the changes and feel empowered to contribute to the success of the new initiatives.
In summary, while training can be a valuable component of addressing problems during major changes, organizations need to take a comprehensive approach that considers factors beyond just training to effectively manage the transition.
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Marginal cost is the one more unit of a good and opportunity cost of producing: increases as production O price that must be paid to consume; decreases as consumption opportunity cost of producing; decreases as production O price that must be paid to consume; increases as consumption of the good increases.
The correct statement is that marginal cost increases as production of the good increases.
marginal cost is the increase in production cost for producing one more unit of a good.
marginal cost refers to the additional cost incurred when producing an additional unit of a good. it is calculated by dividing the change in total cost by the change in quantity produced. as production increases, the marginal cost generally tends to rise due to factors such as diminishing returns and increased resource utilization. opportunity cost, on the other hand, refers to the value of the next best alternative forgone when choosing a particular course of action. it is not directly related to marginal cost. the price that must be paid to consume a good is the market price, which is determined by factors such as supply and demand. it is not directly related to marginal cost either.
to summarize, marginal cost is the increase in production cost for each additional unit produced, and it typically increases as production of the good increases. opportunity cost and market price are separate concepts that are not directly tied to marginal cost.certainly! here's some additional information about marginal cost, opportunity cost, and market price:
1. marginal cost: marginal cost represents the change in total cost when producing one additional unit of a good or service. it considers the additional expenses incurred, such as labor, raw materials, and other inputs. marginal cost is important for businesses to determine the optimal level of production and make informed decisions regarding pricing and resource allocation. as production increases, marginal cost tends to rise due to factors like diminishing returns, increased resource utilization, or economies of scale.
2. opportunity cost: opportunity cost refers to the value of the best alternative forgone when making a particular choice. in the context of production, it represents the benefits or profits that could have been obtained by choosing an alternative use of resources. for example, if a company decides to produce one type of product, the opportunity cost is the potential revenue or benefits that could have been gained from producing a different product instead. opportunity cost helps in assessing trade-offs and making efficient resource allocation decisions.
3. market price: market price is the prevailing price at which a good or service is bought and sold in the market. it is determined by the interaction of supply and demand forces. market price reflects various factors, including production costs, consumer preferences, competition, and market conditions. while the marginal cost of production influences the supply side of the market, it is not necessarily the sole determinant of the market price. other factors, such as consumer demand and pricing strategies, also play a role in setting the market price.
understanding these concepts provides insights into decision-making processes, production optimization, and the dynamics of supply and demand in markets.
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What is the value of a share of preferred stock that promises to pay $1.79 every year, indefinitely, if you have a required rate of return of 14.00%?
The value of a share of preferred stock that promises to pay $1.79 every year, indefinitely, with a required rate of return of 14.00% is $12.79
The formula for calculating the value of a preferred stock is:
Value of Preferred Stock = Dividend / Required Rate of Return
So, substituting the given values into the formula, we get:
Value of Preferred Stock = $1.79 / 0.14 = $12.79
Therefore, the value of a share of preferred stock that promises to pay $1.79 every year, indefinitely, with a required rate of return of 14.00% is $12.79.
The value of a share of preferred stock is the present value of all future dividend payments, discounted at the required rate of return. Preferred stock is a type of stock that pays a fixed dividend every year, and the dividend payment is usually higher than the dividend paid on common stock. Therefore, the value of preferred stock is based on the expected future dividend payments.
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prices the price elasticity of supply is _______ than the price elasticity of demand and prior to the removal of the tax, the tax burden was _______.
Prices the price elasticity of supply is typically higher than the price elasticity of demand, and prior to the removal of the tax, the tax burden was borne by both buyers and sellers.
The price elasticity of supply measures the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to changes in price. Generally, suppliers have more flexibility in adjusting their production levels in response to price changes, making the price elasticity of supply higher than that of demand.
When a tax is imposed on a good or service, it affects the equilibrium price and quantity. The burden of the tax is shared by both buyers and sellers, depending on the relative elasticities of supply and demand. If supply is relatively more elastic than demand, suppliers can adjust their production and absorb a larger portion of the tax burden. Conversely, if demand is relatively more elastic, buyers can reduce their quantity demanded, shifting more of the tax burden onto sellers.
Without specific information about the elasticities of supply and demand or the details of the tax, it is not possible to determine the precise distribution of the tax burden. The burden could be shared in different proportions between buyers and sellers depending on the relative elasticities and market dynamics.
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The United States Declaration of Independence is grounded in
natural law.
Group of answer choices
True
False
The statement "The United States Declaration of Independence is grounded in natural law" is true.
The Declaration of Independence, a document written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, is a proclamation of individual rights that is grounded in the principles of natural law.
According to natural law theory, moral and ethical standards should be determined by the natural world rather than by divine law, human legislation, or cultural customs and norms. Natural law principles, as they relate to human rights and justice, are used in the Declaration of Independence.
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If bonds are issued at a premium, the contractual interest rate is the market interest rate.
O equal to
O changed to
O lower than
O higher than
If bonds are issued at a premium, it means that the selling price of the bonds is higher than their face value. Option D is the correct answer.
The contractual interest rate, often known as the coupon rate, is the rate at which the bond issuer guarantees to pay bondholders interest.
The contractual interest rate on bonds issued at a premium is lower than the market interest rate. The market interest rate, also known as the yield or effective interest rate, is the rate of return that investors seek when purchasing a bond. When the bond's selling price rises, the bond's effective interest rate falls.
This link exists because the premium amount represents additional interest income received by the bondholder throughout the life of the bond. Therefore, Option D is the correct answer.
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Is ethics important for businesses and organizations? what is
York perspective in business ethics? Should ethics be included in
other majors than business?
please type
Yes, ethics is important for businesses and organizations. Ethics provide businesses with a framework that guides them on how to make decisions and how to act in a morally responsible manner. This framework helps businesses build trust with their stakeholders, including employees, customers, and shareholders, and it also helps them maintain a positive reputation.
The York perspective on business ethics emphasizes the importance of ethical decision-making for businesses. The university believes that businesses have a social responsibility to act in ways that benefit society and to avoid actions that harm it. This perspective is based on the idea that businesses are not just economic entities, but they also have a social role to play.
Ethics should be included in other majors than business because ethical decision-making is relevant to all fields. For example, in medicine, ethical decision-making is essential because it involves life and death decisions. In law, ethics is important because lawyers must act in a manner that is consistent with their professional responsibilities. Similarly, in engineering, ethics is essential because engineers must design products and systems that are safe for users.
In conclusion, ethics is an important consideration for businesses and organizations. It provides a framework that guides decision-making and helps businesses build trust with their stakeholders. The York perspective on business ethics emphasizes the importance of ethical decision-making, and ethics should be included in other majors besides business because ethical decision-making is relevant to all fields.
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Estimating the DCF Growth Rate [논 LO1] Suppose Wacken, Ltd. just issued a dividend of $2.73 per share on its common stock. The company paid dividends of $2.31,$2.39,$2.48, and $2.58 per share in the last four years. If the stock currently sells for $43, what is your best estimate of the company's cost of equity capital using the arithmetic average growth rate in dividends? What if you use the geometric average growth rate?
The best estimate of Wacken, Ltd.'s cost of equity capital using the geometric average growth rate in dividends is 11.66%.
When Wacken, Ltd. issued a dividend of $2.73 per share on its common stock, the dividends paid by the company in the last four years are: $2.31, $2.39, $2.48 and $2.58. The current stock price is $43.We can estimate the company's cost of equity capital using the arithmetic average growth rate in dividends as follows: We can calculate the arithmetic average growth rate as follows: Average growth rate = (2.31 + 2.39 + 2.48 + 2.58) / 4 = $2.44Therefore, the estimated growth rate for Wacken, Ltd. is $2.44 per share. Next, we can calculate the cost of equity capital using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). CAPM is as follows: CAPM = Rf + β * (Rm – Rf) where Rf is the risk-free rate, β is the beta coefficient, and Rm is the expected market return.
The current risk-free rate is 2.5%, and the expected market return is 11%.We can assume that the beta coefficient for Wacken, Ltd. is 1.2.Using these values, we can calculate the cost of equity capital as follows: CAPM = 2.5% + 1.2 * (11% – 2.5%) = 12.5%Therefore, the best estimate of Wacken, Ltd.'s cost of equity capital using the arithmetic average growth rate in dividends is 12.5%.The geometric average growth rate can be calculated as follows:Geometric average growth rate = (2.31 * 2.39 * 2.48 * 2.58)^(1/4) = $2.44Therefore, the estimated growth rate for Wacken, Ltd. is $2.44 per share. Using the same values for Rf, β, and Rm, we can calculate the cost of equity capital as follows: CAPM = 2.5% + 1.2 * (11% – 2.5% – 2.44%) = 11.66%Therefore, the best estimate of Wacken, Ltd.'s cost of equity capital using the geometric average growth rate in dividends is 11.66%.
When estimating the DCF growth rate, it is important to use an appropriate method to calculate the growth rate. The two most commonly used methods are the arithmetic average growth rate and the geometric average growth rate. The arithmetic average growth rate is calculated by taking the average of the growth rates over a certain period of time. This method is simple to calculate, but it does not take into account the compounding effect of growth over time. The geometric average growth rate is calculated by taking the nth root of the product of the growth rates over a certain period of time.
In general, the geometric average growth rate is a better estimate of the true growth rate than the arithmetic average growth rate. When using either method to estimate the growth rate, it is important to consider the company's history of dividend payments, as well as the current stock price and other factors that may affect the company's future growth. Additionally, it is important to use an appropriate discount rate when calculating the company's cost of equity capital. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a commonly used method for calculating the cost of equity capital. By using the appropriate method to estimate the growth rate and the appropriate discount rate to calculate the cost of equity capital, investors can make informed decisions about whether to invest in a particular company.
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Suppose you would like to fund the salary of a professor of finance at UALR so that the university could hire an additional faculty member without. incurring ary add tional cost from the university budget. You estimate the salary to be $100,000 per year the first year the position is established. and you want to include a provision to increase the salary each year to cover inflation, estimated to be 3% per year. If you want this new position fo be funded into perpetuity (forever), how much money must you donate to the university foundation today if the foundation can invest the funds at 6\% peryear? (Answer to the nearest dollar.)
The amount you would need to donate to the university foundation today is approximately $791,000.
To calculate the amount of money you must donate to the university foundation today if the foundation can invest the funds at 6% per year, we can use the formula for present value of an annuity:
PV = C * (1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r
where PV is the present value of the annuity, C is the annual payment, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.
In this case, C = $100,000 and r = 6%. The inflation rate is 3% per year. Therefore, the salary will increase by 3% each year. To calculate the number of periods, we can use the formula:
n = ln(1 + i) / ln(1 + g)
where i is the interest rate per period and g is the growth rate.
In this case, i = 6% and g = 3%. Therefore,
n = ln(1 + 0.06) / ln(1 + 0.03) ≈ 10.22
So there will be 10 payments in total.
Using the formula for present value of an annuity:
PV = C * (1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r
we get:
PV = $100,000 * (1 - (1 + 0.06)^-10.22) / 0.06 ≈ $791,000
Therefore, you would need to donate approximately $791,000 to fund the salary of a professor of finance at UALR so that the university could hire an additional faculty member without incurring any additional cost from the university budget if you want this new position to be funded into perpetuity (forever).
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Assume Sheryl Jenkins wants to accumulate $ 13,627.63 in two years. She currently has $ 10,552.49 to invest. What interest rate must she earn on her investment (that is, if she deposits $ 10,552.49 today) to have $ 13,627.63 exactly two years from today?(Record your answer as a percent rounded to 1 decimal place; for example, record .527945 = 52.8% as 52.8).
Assume Jed Gerbil invested $ 14,756 into an account exactly two years ago. The account has an interest rate of 14.5 % p.a. How much does Jed have in his account today (that is, exactly two years after the initial deposit)? (Round your answer to the nearest cent and record your answer without a dollar sign and without commas. For example, record $1,356.8382 as 1356.84).
a. Sheryl Jenkins must earn an interest rate of 29.5% on her investment to accumulate $13,627.63 in two years.
b. Jed Gerbil has $19,406.61 in his account today, two years after the initial deposit of $14,756, with an interest rate of 14.5% per annum.
To determine the interest rate Sheryl Jenkins must earn on her investment, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Interest Rate)^Time
Substituting the given values, we have:
$13,627.63 = $10,552.49 * (1 + Interest Rate)^2
Dividing both sides by $10,552.49 and taking the square root, we get:
(1 + Interest Rate) = sqrt($13,627.63 / $10,552.49)
(1 + Interest Rate) = 1.2950
Interest Rate = 1.2950 - 1
Interest Rate = 0.2950
To calculate how much Jed Gerbil has in his account today, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Interest Rate)^Time
Substituting the given values, we have:
Future Value = $14,756 * (1 + 0.145)^2
Future Value = $14,756 * (1.145)^2
Future Value = $14,756 * 1.313025
Future Value = $19,406.61
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In Los Angeles, you are considering the purchase of a 47,000-SF office building, of which 70% is leasable. You negotiate a purchase price of $7.5 million with the seller. In year 1, you expect to earn $25 annual rent per SF. You project that this number will grow by 5% every year. The average vacancy rate in the market is currently 3%, but you expect it to increase 50 bps per year. You expect it to cost $350,000 to operate the building, and that too will grow by 5% per year. But you will require your tenants to pay 50% of those expenses. You plan to spend $500,000 in renovations in the first year, and then you will set aside $50,000 every year thereafter for future renovations. You will also need to set aside 10% of EGI for annual leasing costs. The property will be sold at the end of year 6, and you will pay 7% of the price in selling expenses. Between now and then, you expect the property to appreciate at a 8% CAGR. You want to earn a 12% IRR annually. You build a pro forma to answer the following questions.
1. Using this purchase price as the property value, what is the cap rate in year 1? How does this compare to cap rates for other similar properties, according to CBRE data?
2. What is the PBTCF for each year?
3. What is the periodic return for the entire 5-year holding period if all cash flows are reinvested at the discount rate?
4. What is the periodic return for the entire 5-year holding period if the cash flows are not reinvested—and instead are simply added to the final balance?
5. What purchase price should you pay to earn your desired IRR?
Before you sign a contract, the seller has a change of heart. Now they want a purchase price of $8 million (and you adjust the resale price in year 6 accordingly). Use the new purchase and resale prices to answer the following questions.
6. What is the NPV of the investment?
7. What is the IRR of the investment?
8. Based on the NPV and the IRR, is it a good investment? Should you take the new deal?
Listening to the news, you start to become concerned about the possibility of a recession forthcoming. You decide to do a "sensitivity analysis" to determine if the investment is still worthwhile if the future doesn’t work out as you previously expected.
9. How do your NPV and IRR change under the following scenario?
a. Rents do not grow at all in years 1 and 2.
b. Property prices decrease by 10% in year 1.
c. The market becomes riskier, so you require a 14% IRR to make you comfortable investing
1.The cap rate for Year 1 is:Operating income = 25 * 32,900 = 822,500,Other Income = 0,Total Income = 822,500,Expenses = 350,000,Net Operating Income (NOI) = 472,500,
Cap rate = NOI / Property Value = 472,500 / 7,500,000 = 6.3%
According to CBRE, Class A office buildings have an average cap rate of 4.75%, while Class B office buildings have an average cap rate of 6.75%.
Thus, this building would be considered a Class B building as it has a cap rate higher than the Class A average.
2.PBTCF = EGI – Operating Expenses – Capital Expenditures – Leasing Costs – Debt Service
Year 1:EGI = 822,500
Operating Expenses = 350,000
Capital Expenditures = 500,000
Leasing Costs = 82,250
Debt Service = 1,310,140 (6,710,140 * 0.068)
PBTCF = (420,890)
Year 2:EGI = 863,625 (822,500 * 1.05)
Operating Expenses = 367,500 (350,000 * 1.05)
Capital Expenditures = 50,000
Leasing Costs = 89,681 (863,625 * 0.10)
Debt Service = 1,310,140
PBTCF = 36,304
Year 3:EGI = 906,806 (863,625 * 1.05)
Operating Expenses = 385,875 (367,500 * 1.05)
Capital Expenditures = 50,000
Leasing Costs = 95,180 (906,806 * 0.10)
Debt Service = 1,310,140PBTCF = 165,611
Year 4:EGI = 952,147 (906,806 * 1.05)
Operating Expenses = 404,169 (385,875 * 1.05)
Capital Expenditures = 50,000
Leasing Costs = 101,737 (952,147 * 0.10)
Debt Service = 1,310,140
PBTCF = 287,101
Year 5:EGI = 999,754 (952,147 * 1.05)
Operating Expenses = 423,378 (404,169 * 1.05)
Capital Expenditures = 50,000
Leasing Costs = 108,466 (999,754 * 0.10)
Debt Service = 1,310,140
PBTCF = 268,770
Year 6:EGI = 1,049,741 (999,754 * 1.05)
Operating Expenses = 443,547 (423,378 * 1.05)
Capital Expenditures = 50,000
Leasing Costs = 115,369 (1,049,741 * 0.10)
Debt Service = 6,779,942 (6,710,140 + 69,802)
PBTCF = (6,094,118)
3.First, we need to calculate the discount rate:Purchase price = 7,500,000,Capitalization rate (cap rate) = 6.3%,NOI = 472,500,NOI / Purchase price = Cap rate472,500 / Purchase price = 6.3%,Purchase price = $7,500,000,Discount rate = IRR = 12%,Using the financial calculator, we get a PV of 7,171,841.54.
The periodic return is:Periodic return = (FV / PV)^(1/n) – 1 = (9,583,283 / 7,171,841.54)^(1/5) – 1 = 0.090 or 9.0%
4.If cash flows are not reinvested, we can use the IRR function on a financial calculator or in Excel:= IRR (cash flows)
We get an IRR of 15.7%.
5We know that the discount rate (which is the same as the IRR) is 12%. Therefore, we need to adjust the purchase price until the PV of the cash flows equals the new purchase price.
Using the financial calculator, we get a PV of 9,583,283 at the current purchase price of 7,500,000.
Therefore, the new purchase price required to get a 12% IRR is:PMT = 851,542.14 (annual payment)N = 5I/Y = 12%FV = $9,583,283 (future value)CPT PV = -8,000,000 (present value)
6. Year 1:PV = (420,890)
Year 2:PV = 32,400
Year 3:PV = 122,177
Year 4:PV =202,534
Year 5:PV = 187,069
Year 6:PV = 4,756,256
NPV = -125,454
According to the NPV, the investment is not good since it has a negative value.
7. IRR = 6.9%
According to the IRR, the investment is not good since it is less than the required rate of return of 12%.
8. Based on the NPV and the IRR, the investment is not good and should not be pursued. Therefore, the new deal should not be taken.
9. a. Rents do not grow at all in years 1 and 2.:NPV = -$682,020IRR = 0.4%Both the NPV and IRR are negative.
b. Property prices decrease by 10% in year 1.NPV = -$2,634,502IRR = -21.9%Both the NPV and IRR are negative.
c. The market becomes riskier, so you require a 14% IRR to make you comfortable investing,NPV = -$134,826IRR = 13.7%
The NPV is still negative, while the IRR is now above the required rate of return. The investment may be considered but with caution.
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he government is considering imposing a $3 per box tax on rubber bands. They have
commissioned you to analyse the economic effects of this tax. After extensive research, you find
the following demand and supply functions (in thousands of boxes) currently apply in this
market:
QD = 80 – 4P
QS = - 40 + 8P
[Note: there are no marks allocated for drawing a diagram of this, but it may be useful for you to do one]
a) What is the current equilibrium price and quantity? b) What is the size (in dollars) of the consumer surplus? Producer surplus? With the imposition of the tax of $3 per unit, the supply function will become:
QS = -64 + 8P
c) What is the amount of revenue the government expects to earn from this tax? d) What is the new consumer surplus? What is the new producer surplus? e) What is the size (in dollars) of the deadweight loss (if any)? f) Who ultimately will bear most of the burden of this tax? Why?
a) The current equilibrium price is $10 per box and the quantity is 50,000 boxes.
b) The consumer surplus is $125,000 and the producer surplus is $125,000.
c) The government expects to earn $150,000 in revenue from this tax.
d) With the tax, the new supply function becomes QS = -61 + 8P. The new equilibrium price is $9 per box and the quantity is 47,500 boxes.
e) The new consumer surplus is $112,500 and the new producer surplus is $112,500. The deadweight loss is $25,000.
f) Consumers will bear most of the burden of this tax because the demand is relatively inelastic compared to the supply. As a result, consumers will have to pay a higher price, leading to a reduction in quantity demanded and a decrease in consumer surplus. Producers will also bear some of the burden, but they have some flexibility to adjust their prices.
The imposition of the $3 per box tax on rubber bands results in a decrease in equilibrium price and quantity. It leads to a decrease in consumer surplus and producer surplus, with consumers bearing most of the burden. Additionally, a deadweight loss of $25,000 occurs, representing a loss in overall welfare due to the tax. The government is expected to earn $150,000 in revenue from this tax.
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1. According to Harberger, the deadweight loss of monopoly exceeds 1% of gross national product (GNP).
A. True
B. False
2. Merging with another firm in an effort to avoid being acquired corresponds to the ____ motive.
A. defensive
B. efficiency
C. risk spreading
D. monopoly
1. B. False. Harberger's research suggests that the deadweight loss of monopoly is typically below 1% of gross national product (GNP).
2. The corresponding motive for merging with another firm to avoid acquisition is A. defensive.
1. B. False. According to Harberger, the deadweight loss of monopoly is typically estimated to be less than 1% of gross national product (GNP). It is not stated that it exceeds 1%.
2. The correct answer is A. defensive. Merging with another firm in an effort to avoid being acquired corresponds to the defensive motive. In this scenario, the primary objective is to protect the company from a hostile takeover or acquisition by strengthening its position through a merger with another entity. The defensive motive aims to maintain control, independence, and competitive advantage in the market. Efficiency motive relates to improving operational efficiency, risk spreading involves diversifying risk across different investments or areas, and monopoly motive refers to gaining market power as the sole provider.
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You have completed a valuation report for the purpose of determining the market rent for a client who owns a commercial strata unit. Your client and their tenant have agreed to a lease rental of $8,000 per month plus a contractual right to recover the cost of outgoings such as water rates, strata levies, council rates and water usage charges and land tax.
The state authorities have not charged GST on the invoices sent to your client for the rates, land tax and other applicable charges. Your client sends their tenant a tax invoice for recovery of these outgoings.
a) Should your client charge GST on this invoice? Why or why not?
No, your client should not charge GST on the invoice for recovery of outgoings.
Since the state authorities have not charged GST on the invoices for rates, land tax, and other applicable charges, your client does not need to pass on the GST to the tenant.
The VAT used in India on the provision of goods and services was replaced by the Goods and Services Tax (GST). GST is a modernised version of VAT that also allows for tracking of the products and services. The taxes slabs for GST and VAT are same.
It is a thorough, multistage, destination-based tax. It is thorough because it has absorbed nearly all indirect taxes, with the exception of a few state levies. Due to its multi-staged nature, the GST is levied at each stage of production. However, because it is a destination-based tax, rather than an origin-based tax like earlier ones, it is collected from the point of consumption rather than the point of origin.
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what is the present value of an annual leave that pays $90,000 each
year for 10 years assuming a discounted rate of 6% and the first
payment occurs one year from now?
The present value of an annual payment of $90,000 for 10 years at a discount rate of 6% is approximately $661,215.
To calculate the present value of an annuity, we can use the formula:
PV = PMT × [1 - (1 + r)^(-n)] / r
where PV is the present value, PMT is the payment per period, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods.
In this case, the payment per period (PMT) is $90,000, the discount rate (r) is 6%, and the number of periods (n) is 10. The first payment occurs one year from now, so we don't need to adjust for present value.
Plugging in the values into the formula:
PV = $90,000 × [1 - (1 + 0.06)^(-10)] / 0.06
Calculating this expression gives us:
PV = $90,000 × [1 - 0.55839] / 0.06
PV = $90,000 × 0.44161 / 0.06
PV = $661,215
Therefore, the present value of an annual payment of $90,000 for 10 years at a discount rate of 6% is approximately $661,215.
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The four actors below have just signed a contract to star in a dramatic movie about relationships among hospital doctors. Filming is expected to take two years to complete. Each person signs independent contracts today with the following terms: Contract Terms Contract Amount Payment Date Derek $ 480,000 2 years Isabel 520,000 3 years Meredith 395,000 Today George 380,000 1 year Required: 1-a. Assuming an annual discount rate of 10%, calculate the present value of the contract amount. (FV of $1, PV of $1, FVA of $1, and PVA of $1) 1-b. Which of the four actors is actually being paid the most? Assuming an annual discount rate of 10%, calculate the present value of the contract amount. Note:Use tables, Excel, or a financial calculator. Round your answers to 2 decimal places. Present Value Derek Isabel Meredith George
The present value of the contract amount for each actor is:
Derek: $396,694.21
Isabel: $390,662.18
Meredith: $395,000
George: $345,454.55
To calculate the present value of the contract amount, we will use the formula PV = FV / (1+r)^n, where PV is the present value, FV is the future value (contract amount), r is the discount rate, and n is the number of years.
1-a. Let's calculate the present value for each actor:
- For Derek:
PV = $480,000 / (1+0.10)^2 = $480,000 / 1.21 = $396,694.21
- For Isabel:
PV = $520,000 / (1+0.10)^3 = $520,000 / 1.331 = $390,662.18
- For Meredith:
PV = $395,000 / (1+0.10)^0 = $395,000 / 1 = $395,000
- For George:
PV = $380,000 / (1+0.10)^1 = $380,000 / 1.1 = $345,454.55
1-b. The actor being paid the most is Isabel, with a present value of $390,662.18.
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How much will Maria and Raul have to deposit each month into an annuity that earns 4.5%, if they want to have $35,000.00 in 8 years? Assume the interest rate does not change while the account is open. Round your final answers to the nearest cent. How much interest, in total, will they earn?
To calculate the monthly deposit Maria and Raul need to make into the annuity, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
[ FV = P \times \left( \frac{{(1 + r)^n - 1}}{r} \right) \]
Where:
FV is the future value ($35,000.00),
P is the monthly deposit they need to make,
r is the monthly interest rate (4.5% or 0.045),
and n is the number of months (8 years multiplied by 12 months per year).
Rearranging the formula, we can solve for P:
[ P = \frac{{FV \times r}}{{(1 + r)^n - 1}} \]
Substituting the given values, we have:
[ P = \frac{{35000 \times 0.045}}{{(1 + 0.045)^{8 \times 12} - 1}} \]
Calculating this expression will give us the monthly deposit they need to make to have $35,000.00 in 8 years, rounded to the nearest cent.
To calculate the total interest they will earn, we can subtract the total amount deposited from the future value:
[ Total Interest = (P \times n) - FV \]
Substituting the values, we can calculate the total interest earned, rounded to the nearest cent.
Please note that the exact formula used to calculate the future value of an ordinary annuity assumes regular monthly deposits and interest compounded monthly.
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QUESTION 1
Discuss the pros and cons of the various measures that could be
used to reduce a balance of payment (BOP) deficit. [10]
The pros of measure that could be used to reduce BOP deficit is that it brings the economy into equilibrium while the con is that natural trade benefits are compromised.
Measures taken to restore equilibrium to the payment balance.
(i) Promotion of exports
Exports should be promoted by offering incentives to exporters and manufacturers. Imports could also be discouraged by implementing import substitution and enacting fair tariffs.
The import:
Other methods of restoring balance include restrictions and import substitution.
(iii) Inflation control
Exports are discouraged and imports are encouraged by inflation (constant price increases). Government should therefore control inflation and reduce prices nationwide.
(iv) Exchange management
Government should regulate currency by mandating that all exporters turn over their foreign currency to the central bank, which should then distribute it among authorized importers.
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8. What best distinguishes perfect competition from monopolistic competition?
a.
One has barriers to entry; the other does not.
b. One contains only large firms; the other does not.
C.
One is sanctioned by the government; the other is not.
d. One has product differentiation; the other does not.
The best distinction between perfect competition and monopolistic competition is that one has product differentiation, while the other does not.
Perfect competition and monopolistic competition are both types of market structures characterized by a large number of firms and relatively low barriers to entry. However, the key difference lies in product differentiation.
Perfect competition is a market structure where firms produce homogeneous products that are identical in nature. There is no product differentiation, and consumers perceive the goods or services offered by different firms as perfect substitutes for each other. In perfect competition, all firms compete solely based on price, and there is no room for product differentiation or brand loyalty.
On the other hand, monopolistic competition is a market structure where firms produce differentiated products that are similar but not identical. Each firm has some degree of control over its product's price and quality, allowing for product differentiation. This differentiation may be based on features, branding, packaging, customer service, or other factors. As a result, firms in monopolistic competition can exert some influence over their price and attract customers based on perceived differences in their products.
Product differentiation in monopolistic competition leads to a certain degree of market power for individual firms, allowing them to charge higher prices than in perfect competition. This differentiation also creates an element of consumer preference and brand loyalty, as consumers may have varying preferences for different product characteristics.
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Matthew earned $1,000 this pay period. He will pay $94.12 in federal taxes. He does not have to pay state income tax. Social security tax is 6.2%, which is $62. Medicare is 1.45%, which is $14.50. Calculate Matthew's net pay with all mandatory taxes included.
Answer: 829.38
Explanation:
16 Triple-D Diner has a market-to-book ratio of 2.35, earnings per share of $0.525, and a book value of $0.755 per share. Calculate the price-earnings ratio for the firm. 3.38 3.11 1.71 (D) 1.63 (E) 1.44
This can be represented mathematically as: 2.35 = Market value per share / $0.755Therefore, the market value per share of 16 Triple-D Diner is given by: Market value per share = 2.35 x $0.755
= $1.77325 Earnings per share: Earnings per share (EPS) is a ratio that measures the amount of profit that a company has generated per share of its outstanding common stock. The formula for EPS is given as: EPS = Net income / Total number of outstanding shares Given that the earnings per share of 16 Triple-D Diner is $0.525, it means that the company has generated a profit of $0.525 per share. Book value per share: Book value per share is a ratio that represents the total value of a company's assets that shareholders would receive if the company were to liquidate its assets and pay off all of its liabilities.
The formula for book value per share is given as: Book value per share = Total shareholder equity / Total number of outstanding sharesGiven that the book value per share of 16 Triple-D Diner is $0.755, it means that the total shareholder equity of the company is $0.755 per share .Price-earnings ratio :The price-earnings (P/E) ratio is a valuation ratio that compares a company's current stock price to its earnings per share (EPS). The formula for P/E ratio is given as: P/E ratio = Market price per share / Earnings per share Therefore, the price-earnings ratio for 16 Triple-D Diner is given by: P/E ratio = Market price per share / Earnings per share Substituting the values,
we get:P/E ratio = $1.77325 / $0.525 = 3.38Therefore, the price-earnings ratio for 16 Triple-D Diner is 3.38.
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After analyzing your public health issue in Milestone One and studying socioeconomic factors affecting healthcare in this module, you will write a short paper to identify and analyze socioeconomic barriers and supports involved in addressing the public health issue. Your paper must include an introduction to your public health issue, a discussion of socioeconomic barriers to change, a discussion of supports for change, and a conclusion with a call to action for your readers. Assume your readers will include healthcare administrators and managers, as well as healthcare policy makers and legislators.
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE : Childhood Obesity
III. Supports
A. Identify two possible socioeconomic supports for change and describe each with specific details.
B. Consider patient demographics (e.g., age, ethnicity, and education), geographic factors (e.g., urban/rural location), and psychographic factors
(e.g., eating habits and employment status).
C. Justify your points by referencing your textbook or other scholarly resources.
IV. Conclusion
A. Conclude with a clear call to action: What can your readers do to assist in the implementation of the necessary changes?
This short paper addresses socioeconomic barriers and supports related to childhood obesity.
It includes an introduction to the public health issue, a discussion of socioeconomic barriers to change, and two identified socioeconomic supports for change. The conclusion provides a call to action for readers to assist in implementing necessary changes.M Childhood obesity is a significant public health issue that requires attention and action. Socioeconomic barriers can hinder efforts to address this issue effectively. These barriers may include limited access to nutritious food options in low-income areas, inadequate healthcare coverage for obesity prevention and treatment, and educational disparities that impact health knowledge and behaviors. These barriers can disproportionately affect certain patient demographics, such as those from low-income households, minority populations, and areas with limited resources. Despite these barriers, there are socioeconomic supports that can facilitate positive change. One support is the implementation of community-based intervention programs that target at-risk populations and provide resources for healthy eating and active living.
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Assume Competitive Markets (Prices Are Given) And That The Demand Is More Inelastic Than Supply. Which Of The Following Sfatements Is Comect? We Do Not Have Sufficient Information To Infer Which Surplus Is Greater Consumer Surplus Wh Be Targer Ihan Producer Sumplus Conewmer Surplus Will Be Exactly The Tame As Producer Turplus Consumar Surplus Will Be Larger
Based on the information provided, if the demand is more inelastic than supply, the correct statement is that consumer surplus will be larger.
This is because when demand is more inelastic, consumers are less responsive to changes in price. As a result, they are willing to pay higher prices and thus consumer surplus increases.
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When the demand is more inelastic than supply in a competitive market, the consumer surplus will be larger than the producer surplus. Consumers benefit from paying a lower price than what they are willing to pay, while producers receive a lower price than what they are willing to sell at.
In a competitive market where prices are given, and the demand is more inelastic than supply, the consumer surplus will be larger than the producer surplus.
To understand why, let's break it down step by step:
1. Elasticity: Elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in price. If demand is more inelastic than supply, it means that the quantity demanded is less responsive to changes in price compared to the quantity supplied.
2. Consumer Surplus: Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a product and what they actually pay. In other words, it represents the benefit consumers receive from purchasing a product at a price lower than what they are willing to pay.
When demand is inelastic, consumers are willing to pay a higher price for the product, but due to the competitive market and given prices, they end up paying less. This results in a larger consumer surplus because consumers are benefiting from the lower prices.
3. Producer Surplus: Producer surplus, on the other hand, is the difference between the price at which producers are willing to sell a product and the price they actually receive. In a competitive market, prices are determined by the intersection of supply and demand. When the demand is more inelastic than supply, it means that producers are more willing to sell the product at a lower price compared to what consumers are willing to pay. Therefore, the producer surplus is smaller in this scenario.
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You have $80,000 in your retirement fund that is earning 5.5 percent per year, compounded quarterly. How many dollars in withdrawals per month would reduce this nest egg to zero in 10 years?
The monthly withdrawals required to reduce the fund to zero in ten years will be $901.27 (because there are twelve months in a year).Given: $80,000 is invested in a retirement fund. The rate of interest is 5.5 percent per year.
It is compounded quarterly. We need to find how much we need to withdraw per month to reduce the nest egg to zero in ten years. This is a case of an annuity with periodic payments made at the end of each period. We have to find the periodic payment in such a way that the value of the annuity equals $80,000 in ten years. We know that the formula for the present value of an annuity due with periodic payments R, payable for n periods at interest rate i, is:
PV = (R/i) *[tex][1 - 1/(1+i)^n][/tex]
For a future value FV, this formula becomes:
FV = R * [tex][(1+i)^n - 1/i][/tex]
Using this formula, we get:FV = $0 (as the fund should be reduced to zero at the end of ten years), PV = $80,000, n = 10 years,i = 5.5%/4 (quarterly compounding) = 1.375%.
Quarterly compounding means that there are 4 compounding periods in a year.Rewriting the FV formula in terms of R, we get:
R = (i*PV) / [[tex](1+i)^n[/tex] - 1]R
= (0.01375 * $80,000) / [[tex](1 + 0.01375)^40[/tex]- 1]R
= $901.27
Thus, the monthly withdrawals required to reduce the fund to zero in ten years will be $901.27 (because there are twelve months in a year).
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1. Answer the following questions and explain your work. 2. Do not attach any other pages. 3. Download, write your answers on this same Question sheet; next, to each question. 4. Don't write your name 5. Upload in the same drop box for the purpose of making comments 6. Don't change the questions or use different values? Question 1. In competitive markets, there are many small firms with each firm unable to influence the market price. Suppose company XYZ operates in the wheat market. The company produces and markets wheats at a Price =$40 per container. The firm's total costs are given as: TC=100+4Q+3Q 2
a) Find the Firm's marginal cost? Show your steps, including graphs. Review additional resources? Hint: See the rules for differentiation b) What is the firm's demand curve? Show it on a graph and label the axes showing P and Q c) What level of output should the firm produce? Hint: Set P=MC and solve for Q. Use a graph to show your answers as well
The firm's marginal cost is MC = 4 + 6Q.
What is the firm's marginal cost?The firm's demand curve represents the relationship between the price of the wheat (P) and the quantity of wheat demanded (Q).
Since the company operates in a competitive market, it faces a horizontal demand curve at the market price of $40 per container.
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Maria rents on a month-to-month basis an apartment that she can barely afford, in a market where
apartments are hard to find. Her landlord announces that she is doubling the rent, effective
immediately. What is likely to be Maria’s short-run response (say, over the next few days or weeks)?
What might be her likely long-run response (over the next few months)?
Maria will likely search for cheaper housing and negotiate with the landlord. In the long run, she may find a more affordable apartment or adjust her budget.
In the short run, facing a sudden doubling of rent, Maria is likely to feel immediate financial strain. She may begin by exploring alternative housing options, such as searching for apartments in different neighborhoods or considering shared housing arrangements to split the cost. Maria may also try to negotiate with her landlord, explaining her financial situation and requesting a more gradual increase in rent that she can afford. This short-run response is driven by the urgency to address the immediate impact on her budget and find a solution to avoid potential eviction or financial hardship.
In the long run, Maria's response may involve more significant changes in her housing situation or financial planning. If Maria finds it difficult to secure a more affordable apartment in the same area, she might consider moving to a different location where rents are more reasonable. This decision could require more time and effort, as she will need to research and visit potential neighborhoods, assess the commute to her work or other obligations, and consider the availability of amenities and services. Alternatively, if Maria is unable to find a suitable alternative, she may have to adjust her budget to accommodate the higher rent. This adjustment could involve cutting expenses in other areas, seeking additional sources of income, or reassessing her overall financial priorities. The long-run response aims to find a sustainable solution to Maria's housing affordability issue, considering her financial capabilities and the broader housing market conditions.
It's important to note that the specific response of an individual in such a situation can vary depending on various factors, including personal circumstances, local housing market conditions, and available alternatives. The short-run and long-run responses mentioned above represent general possibilities but may not capture the exact actions Maria would take.
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Kyra, a plant supervisor, orders 500 units of Type-2 steel beams for the coming month. In doing so, she has made a(n) ________ decision.
Kyra, as a plant supervisor, orders 500 units of Type-2 steel beams for the coming month. In doing so, she has made an operational decision.
Operational decisions are made by managers or supervisors to ensure the day-to-day operations of a business or organization run smoothly. They are typically made in response to specific operational needs, such as inventory management or production planning.
Kyra's decision to order 500 units of Type-2 steel beams falls under the category of operational decisions as it pertains to managing the plant's inventory for the upcoming month.
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With examples of virtual money, explain the functions of money in a cashlite economy
In a cashlite economy, virtual money plays a crucial role in performing the functions of money. Virtual money refers to digital currencies that are used for transactions online or through electronic devices.
The functions of money in a cashlite economy with examples of virtual money.
1. Medium of Exchange: Virtual money serves as a medium of exchange, enabling the buying and selling of goods and services.
For example, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum can be used to purchase products online, pay for services, or transfer funds between individuals without the need for physical cash.
2. Unit of Account: Virtual money acts as a unit of account, providing a common measure of value for goods and services.
For instance, in a cashlite economy, the value of virtual currencies can be used to determine the cost of goods or services, just like traditional currencies.
3. Store of Value: Virtual money can also function as a store of value, allowing individuals to save and accumulate wealth.
Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin can be held as an investment, with the expectation that their value may increase over time.
This provides an alternative to traditional savings accounts or physical assets.
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